There is no shortage of data on the debilitating effects of health disparities, particularly on the effects of chronic illness among black men. If these data are so compelling, then why hasn’t the story changed? Many have argued this is a moral issue that is centered on the principle that suffering due to race, gender, or genetics is unconscionable. Despite how often these injustices are professed or predicted, these moral commitments and righteous indignations fall short. In this commentary, we

When making choices, collecting more information is beneficial but comes at the cost of sacrificing time that could be allocated to making other potentially rewarding decisions. To investigate how the brain balances these costs and benefits, we conducted a series of novel experiments in humans and simulated various computational models. Under six levels of time pressure, subjects made decisions either by integrating sensory information over time or by dynamically combining sensory and reward inf

Learning from reward feedback in a changing environment requires a high degree of adaptability, yet the precise estimation of reward information demands slow updates. In the framework of estimating reward probability, here we investigated how this tradeoff between adaptability and precision can be mitigated via metaplasticity, i.e. synaptic changes that do not always alter synaptic efficacy. Using the mean-field and Monte Carlo simulations we identified ‘superior’ metaplastic models that can sub